Fontem paginae Temperatura thermodynamica inspicere

{{videdis|Temperatura (discretiva)}}
[[Fasciculus:Worlds Tallest Thermometer.jpg|thumb|Maximum in toto [[orbis terrarum|orbe terrarum]] [[thermometrum]], ut dicitur, in [[California]] positum.]]
'''Temperatura''' est {{Creanda|en|Physical quantity|quantitas physica}} quae [[natura]]m [[calor]]is vel frigoris per [[quantitas|quantitates]] [[significatio (linguistica)|significat]]. Temperatura est [[mensura]] quae [[thermometrum|thermometro]] {{Creanda|en|Calibration|Calibratio|computatur}}. [[Energia kinetica|Energiam kineticam]] [[atomus|atomorum]] {{Creanda|en|Vibration|Vibratio|vibrantium}} et confligentium quibus [[substantia]] constituitur ostendit.

Haec [[magnitudo]] olim '''gradus caloris''' appellabatur, sed hoc nomen dubiosum proveniebat ex [[theoria]] falsa, quae [[calor]]em esse [[materia]]m sicut [[aqua]]m inter res fluentem dicebat.

Temperatura hodie saepe secundum scalam thermodynamicam scientificam indicatur, gradibus K = [[Kelvinus (unitas)|Kelvinianis]]. Hoc nomen unitatis ex [[Gulielmus Thomson, baro Kelvinus|Guilielmo Thomson, Barone Kelvino]] electum appellatur, propter eius conlationes maximi momenti ad theoriam thermodynamicam amplificandam. Secundum [[axioma]]ta thermodynamica, [[0]] [[Kelvin (unitas)|Kelvin]] est temperatura minima in [[aequilibrium thermale|statu aequilibrii]], quamquam temperaturae negativae fieri sunt in statibus quo aequilibrio caretur.

Quamquam autem gradus K est unitas probata per [[Systema Internationale|Systema Unitatium Internationale]], aliae unitates ad temperaturae thermodynamicae mensuram hodie etiam adhibitae sunt, sicut gradus °C appellata secundum [[Andreas Celsius|Andream Celsium]], °F secundum [[Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit|Danielem Gabrielem Fahrenheit]], °R secundum [[Réaumur]], et R aut °Ra secundum [[Gulielmus Ioannes Macquorn Rankine|Gulielmum Rankine]].

Temperatura magni momenti in omnibus {{Creanda|en|Natural science|Scientia naturalis|scientiae naturalis}} [[disciplina|disciplinis]] est, inter quas [[astronomia]], [[biologia]], [[chemia]], [[geographia]], [[ingeniaria mechanica]], [[medicina]], [[metallurgia]], [[oecologia]], [[physica]], {{Creanda|en|Materials science|Scientia materiarum|scientia materiarum}}, et [[scientia telluris]], atque in plurimis [[vita]]e quotidianae [[res|rebus]]. In [[meteorologia|re meteorologica]], temperatura inter variabiles maximi momenti quantitates numeratur, [[praecipitatio]]nis modum, [[ventus|ventorum]] vehementiam, et [[tempestas|tempestatum]] magnitudines determinantes.

== De vocabulis ==
Latinitate classica haec notio saepius vocibus ''[[calor]]'' vel ''[[frigus]]'' describitur. Voces ''temperatio'', ''temperies'', ''temperamentum'', ''temperatura'' rerum mixtionem aequatam significant,<ref>{{Forcellini-fons}}</ref> sic tempestas moderata ''aeris'' vel ''caeli temperatio'' dicebatur. Hodierna notio temperaturae "gradus caloris" dici potest, sed vocabulum ''temperatura'' in libris eruditis recentibus usitatum est.<ref>{{Morgan}}</ref><ref>Philipp Roelli, ''Latin as the Language of Science and Learning'' (De Gruyter, 2021), [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Latin_as_the_Language_of_Science_and_Lea/pFdYEAAAQBAJ?pg=PA494 p. 494]</ref>

== Effectus temperaturae ==
[[Fasciculus:Body Temp Variation.svg|thumb|Media [[corpus humanum|corporis humani]] temperaturae quotidianae [[variatio]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Thermometer CF.svg|thumb|Dua thermometra temperaturam Celsianam et Fahrenheitianam ostendunt.]]
[[Fasciculus:Pakkanen.jpg|thumb|Usitatum thermometrum Celsianum temperaturam [[dies|diei]] [[hiems|hiemalis]] −17C metitur.]]
Multae rationes physicae ad temperaturam coniunguntur, quarum aliquot infra perscribuntur.
* physicae materiarum [[proprietas|proprietates]], inter quas {{Creanda|en|Phases of matter|Phases materiae|phases materiae}} ([[solidum]], [[liquidum]], [[gasium]], [[plasma]]), [[densitas]], [[solubilitas]], {{Creanda|en|Vapor pressure|Pressura vaporis|pressura vaporis}}, {{Creanda|en|Electrical conductivity|Conductivitas electrica|conductivitas electrica}}, {{Creanda|en|Hardness|Duritia|duritia}}, {{Creanda|en|Wear|Usus|resistentia usalis}}, {{Creanda|en|Thermal conductivity|Conductivitas thermalis|conductivitas thermalis}}, {{Creanda|en|Corrosion|Rosio|resistentia rosionis}}, [[vires]].
* modus et ambitus quibus [[reactio chemica|reactiones chemicae]] fiunt<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UKkQAQAAMAAJ|title=Thermal discharges at nuclear power stations: their management and environmental impacts: a report prepared by a group of experts as the result of a panel meeting held in Vienna, 23–27 October 1972|last=Agency|first=International Atomic Energy|date=[[1974]]|publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency}}.</ref>
* summa et proprietates {{Creanda|en|Thermal radiation|Radiatio thermalis|radiationis thermalis}} quae e [[superficies|superficie]] [[res|rei]] emittitur
* {{Creanda|en|Air temperature|temperatura aeris}}, quae omnes [[organismus|organismos]] [[vita|vivos]] afficit
* [[celeritas soni]], quae in gasio pro [[radix quadrata|radice quadrata]] temperaturae absolutae est<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eVpITJfPxMEC&pg=PA34|title=The Art of Digital Audio|last=Watkinson|first=John|date=[[2001]]|location:Novi Eboraci|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-240-51587-8}}.</ref>

== De scala Kelviniana, Celsiana, Fahrenheitiana ==
Cum systema [[aequor maris|aequore maris]] sub [[pressio]]ne atmosphaerica (1 atm) quoddam calefaciatur, temperatura augmentat gradibus:
* 0 [[kelvinus (unitas)|K]], −273,15 [[gradus Celsianus|°C]], −459,67 °F: [[zerum absolutum|temperatura thermodynamica minima]], quae scalam incipit; praeter [[helium]], omnes [[materia extrastellaris|materiae extrastellares]] hac temperatura sunt solidae
* 63,15 K, −210,00 °C, −346,00 °F: [[nitrogenium]] (quod 78% [[aër]]is Tellurici constituit) [[gelatio|gelatur]]
* 77,36 K, −195,79 °C, −320,33 °F: nitrogenium liquidum conversum est in [[gasium]]
* 273.15 K, 0 °C, 32 °F: [[aqua]] in [[glacies|glaciem]] vertur
* 310 K, 37 °C, 98 °F: ordinaria hominis [[temperatura interna]]
* 373.15 K, 100 °C, 212 °F: [[aqua]] liquida nunc fervet in [[vapor]]em
* 1808 K, 1535 °C, 2795 °F: [[ferrum]] liquefit
* ca. 6500 K: superficies [[sol]]aris quae videri potest

Ad usum quotidianum, homines scalam Celsianam malunt, ubi aquae congelationis temperatura valore zero assignatur, et ebullitionis centum. Ad temperaturas Kelvinienses in Celsienses et vice versa convertant, habemus igitur formulas:
:: Kelvin = °Celsius + 273.15
:: °Celsius = Kelvin − 273.15
Scala vetus in usu [[Civitates Foederatae|Americano]] populo gratissima habetur Fahrenheitiana, cui formula definiens est
:: <math>^{\circ}\text{Fahrenheit} = 32^{\circ} + \frac{9}{5} (\text{Kelvin} - 273.15)</math>

== De temperaturae natura ==
Temperatura plerumque per quodquam rei adiunctum decernitur, quod cum res calefit augmentat.{{dubsig}} [[Thermometrum|Thermometra]] primitiva utuntur, exempli gratia columnis [[vitrium|vitrii]] longis [[hydrargyrum|hydrargyri]] plenis; his in thermometris prope temperaturas ordinarias hydrarguntum{{dubsig}} in proportione calori dato expandit. Saepe autem adiuncta in proportione calori applicato agumentare nolunt. [[Aqua]], exempli gratia, cum calefit, primum contrahit, tunc expandit; qua de causa [[crystallum|crystalla]] aquae in [[superficies|superficie]] [[corpus aquae|corporis aquae]] [[hiems|hieme]] fluitant, quod ea minus densa sunt quam aqua [[liquidum|liquida]].

== Temperaturae praecipuae ==
{{div col|2}}
* [[Punctum criticum]]
* [[Punctum fervoris]]
* [[Punctum liquefactionis]]
* [[Punctum triplex]]
* [[Temperatura Curiensis]]
* [[Temperatura coloris]]
* {{Creanda|en|Neutron temperature|Temperatura neutronum}}
* [[Temperatura planckiana]]
{{div col end}}

== Notae ==

== Bibliographia ==
* Adkins, C. J. (1968) [[1983]]. ''Equilibrium Thermodynamics.'' ed. tertia. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-25445-0.
* Buchdahl, H. A. [[1966]]. ''The Concepts of Classical Thermodynamics.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
* Chang, Hasok. [[2004]]. ''Inventing Temperature: Measurement and Scientific Progress.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517127-3.
* Jaynes, E. T. [[1965]]. "Gibbs vs Boltzmann entropies." ''American Journal of Physics'' 33 (5), 391–398.
* Middleton, W. E. K. [[1966]]. ''A History of the Thermometer and its Use in Metrology.'' Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins Press.
* Miller, J. [[2013]]. "Cooling molecules the optoelectric way." ''Physics Today'' 66 (1): 12–14. {{doi|10.1063/pt.3.1840}}. Bibcode 2013PhT....66a..12M.
* [[Iacobus Riddick Partington|Partington, Iacobus Riddick]]. [[1949]]. ''An Advanced Treatise on Physical Chemistry,'' vol. 1, ''Fundamental Principles: The Properties of Gases.'' Londinii: Longmans, Green & Co.
* [[Alfredus Brianus Pippard|Pippard, Alfred Brian.]] (1957) [[1966]]. ''Elements of Classical Thermodynamics for Advanced Students of Physics.'' Iterum impressum. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
* Quinn, T. J. [[1983]]. ''Temperature.'' Londinii: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-569680-9.
* Schooley, J. F. [[1986]]. ''Thermometry.'' Boca Raton Floridae: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-5833-7.
* Roberts, J. K., et A. R. Miller. (1928) [[1960]]. ''Heat and Thermodynamics.'' Ed. quinta. Glasgoviae: Blackie & Son Limited.
* Thomson, W. (Lord Kelvin). (1843) [[1863]]. "On an absolute thermometric scale founded on Carnot's theory of the motive power of heat, and calculated from Regnault's observations," ''Proceedings of the Cambridge Phil. Society.'' 1 (5): 66–71.
* Thomson, W. [[1851]]. "On the Dynamical Theory of Heat, with numerical results deduced from Mr Joule's equivalent of a Thermal Unit, and M. Regnault's Observations on Steam." ''Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh'' 20, pars 2 ((Martius): 261–268, 289–298.
* Truesdell, C. A. [[1980]]. ''The Tragicomical History of Thermodynamics, 1822–1854.'' Novi Eboraci: Springer. ISBN 0-387-90403-4.
* Tschoegl, N. W. [[2000]]. ''Fundamentals of Equilibrium and Steady-State Thermodynamics.'' Amstelodami: Elsevier. ISBN 0-444-50426-5.
* Zemansky, Mark Waldo. [[1964]]. ''Temperatures Very Low and Very High.'' Princetoniae: Van Nostrand.
* {{cite journal | last1 = Zeppenfeld | first1 = M. | last2 = Englert | first2 = B. G. U. | last3 = Glöckner | first3 = R. | last4 = Prehn | first4 = A. | last5 = Mielenz | first5 = M. | last6 = Sommer | first6 = C. | last7 = van Buuren | first7 = L. D. | last8 = Motsch | first8 = M. | last9 = Rempe | first9 = G. | year = [[2012]] | title = Sysiphus cooling of electrically trapped polyatomic molecules | journal = Nature | volume = 491 | issue = 7425| pages = 570–573 | doi=10.1038/nature11595|arxiv = 1208.0046 |bibcode = 2012Natur.491..570Z | pmid=23151480| s2cid = 4367940 }}.

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
* [[Aestas]]
* [[Ars coquinaria]]
* [[Biothermia]]
* [[Daemon Maxwellianum]]
* [[Ebullitio]]
* [[Hypothermia]]
* [[Ignis]]
* [[Index magnitudinum physicarum]]
* [[Scalar (physica)]]
* [[Status normalis]]
* [[Thermae]]
* [[Thermae Romanae]]
* [[Thermodnamica]]
* [[Thermographia]]
{{div col end}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Temperature|temperaturam}}
{{Victionarium|Temperature|temperaturam}}

[[Categoria:Calor]]<!--Heat transfer-->
[[Categoria:Physica]]<!--melius: Fundamental physics concepts-->
[[Categoria:Quantitates physicae]]
[[Categoria:Temperatura]]
[[Categoria:Thermodynamica]]

{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Physica}}