Fontem paginae Proton inspicere

{{Particula
	| nomen = Proton
	| definitio = [[Nucleon]]
	| compositio = 2 [[quarcium|quarcia]] u ("''sursum''")<br />1 quarcium d ("''deorsum''")
	| massa = 938.272 029 [[Electron-volt|MeV]]&thinsp;[[celeritas luminis|c]]<sup>−2</sup><br /><small>(1.672 623×10<sup>−27</sup> [[chiliogramma|kg]])</small>
	| onus_electricum = 1.602 176 53×10<sup>−19</sup> [[Coulomb (unitas)|C]]
	| volubilitas = 1/2
	| onus_coloris = 0
	| longaevitas = Stabilis<br /><small>(plus quam 10<sup>30</sup> [[Secunda|s]])</small>
}}

{{Res|Proton}} ({{pns|onis|m}})<ref>[[Ebbe Vilborg]], ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok''. Andra upplagan. Norstedts akademiska förlag, Stockholm, 2009</ref> (littera minore ''p'' sive ''p<sup>+</sup>'' indicata) est [[particula elementaris|particula]] subatomica ex tribus [[quarcum|quarcis]] facta, scilicet e duobus quarcis ''u'' unoque quarco ''d''. Ergo habet [[onus electricum]] +1<math>e</math> ([[onus elementarium]]). [[Massa]] singularis protonis <math>m</math><sub><math>p</math></sub> est 1.672&thinsp;622 x 10<sup>-27</sup>kg.

Cuique atomo unus vel plus protonum sunt, pernecesse sunt integritatis nuclei. [[Numerus atomicus]] <math>Z</math> est protonum numerus in atomi nucleo, quodque elementum destinans. De consuetudine, numerus atomicus latere sinistro et infero symboli elementi scribitur, ut:
:{{chem|6|12|C}} (atomo [[carbonium|carbonii]] C numerus 6 est = 6 protones; 12 est summa protonum et [[neutron]]um)

Si [[electron]] ex [[hydrogenium|hydrogenio]] evadit, nucleus nudus est et solum ex protone consistit. Ergo [[ion|cationum]] hydrogenii (H<sup>+</sup>) etiam proton nominatur.

Inveniuntur protones in [[ventus solaris|vento solari]], [[radiatio cosmica|radiatione cosmica]] (extrasolari et solari).

Praeterea exstat ''[[antiproton]]'' onere electrico negativo -1<math>e</math>.

== Natura protonis ==
Proton est [[fermion]] [[particula elementaris]], ex [[quarcum|quarcis]] tribus compositum. Numeri ''obliqui'' (≥3) causa proton obiter etiam est [[baryon]].

== Historia ==
Anno [[1815]] Anglicus chemicus [[Gulielmus Prout]] atomum hydrogenii unicam particulam fundamentalem esse postulabat. Anno [[1886]] physicus [[Eugenius Goldstein]] de ''radiatione forma nondum investigata'' scripsit<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Goldstein, E. |title=''Über eine noch nicht untersuchte Strahlungsform an der Kathode inducirter Entladungen'' |journal=Monatsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin |year=1886 |month=Iul |pages=457-65 (II: 691-99) |url=https://books.google.de/books?id=vUsVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA851&hl=de&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>. Denique anno 1919 [[Ernestus Rutherford]] (''pater physicae nuclearis'', [[Praemium Nobelianum chemiae]] 1908) protonem ex atomo [[nitrogenium|nitrogenii]] eiectum observavit et notionem protonis usus est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Rutherford E. |title=Collision of α particles with light atoms. IV. An anomalous effect in nitrogen |journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. Series 6 |year=1919 |month=Apr |volume=37 |issue=222 |pages=581-7 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1430800#.X80YuaebqlM}}</ref>.

== Notae ==
<references/>

{{NexInt}}
* [[Systema periodicum]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080913063710/http://www.fordhamprep.org/gcurran/sho/sho/lessons/lesson35.htm Notationes elementorum] {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mp Protonis massa] {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{Tabula particularum}}

{{physica-stipula}}
{{Myrias|Physica}}

[[Categoria:Chemia]]
[[Categoria:Particulae elementares]]