Fontem paginae Chiliogramma inspicere

[[Fasciculus:CGKilogram.jpg|thumb|Imago exemplaris [[Lutetia]]e conservati. Non est [[photogramma]] sed imago [[computatrum|computatro]] facta, quod nemo chiliogramma publicum videre nec tangere potest.]]
[[Fasciculus:Unit relations in the new SI.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Systema internationale unitatum]] post definitionem anno [[2019]] effectam: chiliogramma nunc [[secundum|secundo]], [[celeritas lucis|celeritate lucis]], et [[constans Planckianus|constante Planckiano]] fingitur; praeterea, ''[[ampere]]'' chiliogrammate non iam nititur.]]
[[Fasciculus:Poids fonte 1 kg 01.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Chiliogramma antiquum.]]

'''Chiliogramma'''<ref name="Kraus">Kraus, L. A. (1844), ''Kritisch-etymologisches medicinisches Lexikon,'' ed. 3a (Gotingae: Verlag der Deuerlich- und Dieterichschen Buchhandlung).</ref><ref name="Schlickum1879">Schlickum, O. (1879), ''Lateinisch-deutsches Special-Wörterbuch der pharmazeutischen Wissenschaften'' (Lipsiae: Ernst Günther’s Verlag).</ref><ref name="Gabler1881">Gabler, E., & T. C. Winkler (1881), ''Latijnsch-Hollandsch woordenboek over de geneeskunde en de natuurkundige wetenschappen,'' ed. secunda (Lugduni Batvaorum: A. W. Sijthoff).</ref><ref name="Foster1891">Foster, F. D. (1891-1893), ''An illustrated medical dictionary. Being a dictionary of the technical terms used by writers on medicine and the collateral sciences, in the Latin, English, French, and German languages'' (Novi Eboraci: D. Appleton and Company).</ref> {{victio|chiliogramma|tis ''vel'' -tos|n}}<ref name="Schlickum1879"/><ref name="Foster1891"/> sive '''kilogramma'''<ref name="Schlickum1879"/><ref name="Maxwell1890">Maxwell, T., ed. (1890), ''Terminologia medica polyglotta'' (Londinii: J. & A. Churchill / Lutetiae: G. Mason / Philadelphiae: P. Blakiston, Son & Co.</ref> (-atis, ''n.'' ''vel'' -ae, ''f.'')<ref name="Schlickum1879"/> est [[mensura]] [[massa]]e in [[systema metricum|systemate metrico]] (rite in [[Systema internationale unitatum|systemate internationali unitatum]]), una ex [[septem]] principalibus [[physica]]e mensuris. Eius [[abbreviatio]] est '''chg''' (seu '''kg''', secundum normas internationales). Late per [[mundus|mundum]] in [[scientia (ratio)|scientia]], [[ars ingeniaria|arte ingeniaria]], et [[negotium|commercio]] adhibetur, vulgo in [[sermo]]ne quotidiano '''chilio''' et '''kilo''' appellata.

Unum chiliogramma (1 chg) primum anno [[1795]] fuit [[massa]] unius [[litrum|litri]] [[aqua]]e apud [[temperatura]]m quattuor graduum [[Andreas Celsius|Celsii]].<ref>Chiliogramma fuit etiam 1000 [[gramma]]tum; vice versa, gramma est millensima chiliogrammatis pars.</ref> Haec definitio [[vocabulum|verbis]] simplex sed usu difficilis erat. Secundum autem recentissimas huius [[unitas|unitatis]] definitiones, haec cognatio est vera usque ad triginta partes per [[millio]]nem. Anno [[1799]], "chiliogramma archivorum" (ut dicitur), ex [[platinum|platino]] funditum, norma massae factum est. Anno [[1889]], [[cylindrus]] temperationis platini et [[iridium|iridii]], [[prototypus internationalis chiliogrammatis]], norma unitatis massae in omne systemate metrico factum est, et sic mansit usque ad annum [[2019]]. Chiliogramma erat ultima ex unitatum systematis internationalis quae per [[res|rem]] [[physica|corporeum]] definiebatur.

===Historia hodierna===
Ab anno [[1889]] 1 chg erat, per definitionem, massa quae continetur in exemplari prisco apud [http://www.bipm.fr Officinam Internationale in Pondera et Mensuras] [[Lutetia]]e sito. Exemplar [[metallum|metallis]] [[platinum|platino]] (90%) atque [[iridium|iridio]] (10%) factum est. In forma [[cylindrus|cylindri]] 39 mm alti, cum [[radius|radio]] 19.5 mm fusum est.

Definitio ''chiliogrammatis'' rite die [[20 Maii]] [[2019]] mutabitur.<!--Re vera? Fons?--> Quod non iam est subiecta{{dubsig}} de{{dubsig}} exemplaro{{dubsig}} prisco, sed de [[constans Planckianus|constante Planckiano]] (<math>{h}</math>), de [[celeritas|celeritate]] [[lumen|luminis]] (<math>{c}</math>) et de definitione [[secundum|secundi]], i.e. cyclis [[radiatio]]nis [[electron]]um quae inter status fundamentalis [[atomus|atomi]] Cs 133 moventur (<math>{\Delta\nu}</math>):

<math>1\,\text{kg} = \frac{h}{6{,}626\,070\,15 \cdot 10^{-34}}\,\frac{\text{s}}{\text{m}^2} = \frac{299792458^2}{9192631770 \cdot 6{,}62607015} \cdot 10^{34}\,\frac{h \cdot \Delta\nu}{c^2}</math>

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
*[[Gramma]]
*[[Gravimetria]]
*[[Inertia]]
*[[Litrum]]
*[[Massa]]
*[[Massa contra pondus]]
*[[Newtonium]]
*[[Maximilianus Planck]]
*[[Pondus]]
*[[Systema metricum]]
*[[Tonna]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
<references/>

==Bibliographia==
* Davis, Richard. [[2003]]. "The SI unit of mass." ''Metrologia'' 40, no. 6 (fasciculus praecipuus: "Mass"): 299–305. {{doi|10.1088/0026-1394/40/6/001}}.
*Resnick, Brian. [[2019]]. "The new kilogram just debuted. It's a massive achievement." Vox.com, 20 Maii 2019. [https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/5/17/18627757/kilogram-redefined-world-metrology-day-explained Editio interretialis.]
* Robens, Erich. [[2014]]. "The International Prototype Kilogram." In ''Balances, Instruments, Manufacturers, History,'' 62–64. Heidelbergae: Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-36447-1. {{doi|10.1007/978-3-642-36447-1}}.

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Kilogram|chiliogramma}}
{{Victionarium|Kilogramm|''chiliogramma''}}
{{External media
| align = right
| width = 40%
| image1 = BIPM: [http://www.bipm.org/en/scientific/mass/pictures_mass/prototype.html The IPK in three nested bell jars]
| image2 = NIST: [http://patapsco.nist.gov/imagegallery/retrieve.cfm?imageid=49&dpi=72&fileformat=jpg K20, the US National Prototype Kilogram] resting on an egg crate fluorescent light panel
| image3 = BIPM: ''[http://www.bipm.org/en/scientific/mass/pictures_mass/cleaning.html Steam cleaning a 1&nbsp;kg prototype before a mass comparison]''
| image4 = BIPM: [http://www.bipm.org/en/scientific/mass/pictures_mass/vault.html The IPK and its six sister copies in their vault]
| image5 = The Age: [http://www.theage.com.au/ffximage/2007/06/14/rgN1506_csiro_wideweb__470x343,0.jpg Silicon sphere for the Avogadro Project]
| image6 = NPL: [http://www.npl.co.uk/content/conMediaFile/1083 The NPL’s Watt Balance project]
| image7 = NIST: This particular [http://museum.nist.gov/object.asp?ObjID=51 Rueprecht Balance], an Austrian-made precision balance, was used by the NIST from 1945 until 1960
| image8 = BIPM: [http://www.bipm.org/en/scientific/mass/research_mass/flexure-strip.html The FB{{nbhyph}}2 flexure-strip balance], the BIPM’s modern precision balance featuring a standard deviation of one ten-billionth of a kilogram (0.1{{nbsp}}µg)
| image9 = BIPM: [http://www.bipm.org/en/scientific/mass/pictures_mass/mettler.html Mettler HK1000 balance], featuring 1{{nbsp}}µg resolution and a 4{{nbsp}}kg maximum mass. Also used by NIST and Sandia National Laboratories’ Primary Standards Laboratory
| image10 = Micro-g LaCoste: [http://www.microglacoste.com/images/FG5.small.jpg FG{{nbhyph}}5 absolute gravimeter,] ([http://www.microglacoste.com/images/fg5schem.jpg diagram]), used in national laboratories to measure gravity to 2{{nbsp}}[[Gal (acceleration)|µGal]] accuracy.
}}
* National Institute of Standards and Technology: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080702044855/http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/electrokilogram.htm "NIST Improves Accuracy of ‘Watt Balance’ Method for Defining the Kilogram."] www.nist.gov.
* National Physical Laboratory: [http://www.npl.co.uk/reference/faqs/are-any-problems-caused-by-having-the-kilogram-defined-in-terms-of-a-physical-artefact-(faq-mass-and-density) "Are any problems caused by having the kilogram defined in terms of a physical artefact?"] FAQ - Mass & Density, www.npl.co.uk.
* NPL: [http://www.npl.co.uk/engineering-measurements/mass-force-pressure/mass/research/avogadro-project "Avogadro Project."] www.npl.co.uk.
*NPL: [http://www.npl.co.uk/engineering-measurements/mass-force-pressure/mass/research/npl-watt-balance "NPL watt balance."] www.npl.co.uk.
* Metrologia in Francia: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140319084923/http://www.french-metrology.com/en/feature/watt-balance.asp "Watt balance."] www.french-metrology.com.
* Australian National Measurement Institute. [http://www.measurement.gov.au/SCIENCETECHNOLOGY/Pages/MassandRelatedQuantities.aspx "Redefining the kilogram through the Avogadro constant."] www.measurement.gov.au.
* International Bureau of Weights and Measures: [http://www.bipm.org/en/home/ Situs interretialis ministerii proprius.] www.bipm.org.
* NZZ Folio: ''[http://www.nzzfolio.ch/www/d80bd71b-b264-4db4-afd0-277884b93470/showarticle/fb0ba22e-46b7-43a5-8320-ef16483b7e91.aspx "What a kilogram really weighs."]'
* NPL. [http://www.npl.co.uk/reference/faqs/what-are-the-differences-between-mass,-weight,-force-and-load-(faq-mass-and-density) "What are the differences between mass, weight, force and load?"] www.npl.co.uk.
* BBC. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7084099.stm "Getting the measure of a kilogram."] news.bbc.co.uk.
* NPR. [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112003322 "This Kilogram Has A Weight-Loss Problem."] conloquium cum Ricardo Steiner, physico in National Institute of Standards and Technology, www.npr.org.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110717124427/http://www.inrim.it/Nah/Web_Nah/home.htm "Avogadro and molar Planck constants for the redefinition of the kilogram."] www.inrim.it.
*[http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160513163237/http://www.inrim.it/know/ "Realization of the awaited definition of the kilogram."] www.inrim.it.

{{Unitates SI}}

[[Categoria:Physica]]
[[Categoria:Unitates physicae]]
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Physica}}