Fontem paginae Carolus Fridericus Gauss inspicere

{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Carolus Fridericus Gauss''' (natus ''Johann Carl Friedrich Gauß'' die [[30 Aprilis]] [[1777]]; mortuus die [[23 Februarii]] [[1855]]) fuit [[mathematicus]] et [[scientia (ratio)|scientiarum]] doctus [[Germania|Germanicus]], qui multos progressus in multis campis effecit, inter quos [[theoria numerorum]], [[statistica]], [[explicatio mathematica]] ([[analysis]]), [[aequatio differentialis]] [[topologia]], [[geometria et topologia differentialis|geometria differentialis]], [[geodesia]], [[geophysica]], [[electrostatica]], [[magnetismus]], [[astronomia]], [[optica]]. In [[statistica]] [[methodus quadratorum minimorum|methodum quadratorum minimorum]] cognovit.

Tantopere in scientia tam prodiit ut et "princeps mathematicorum"<ref>{{cite book
 |last=Zeidler
 |first=Eberhard
 |title=Oxford User's Guide to Mathematics
 |location=Oxoniae
 |publisher=Oxford University Press
 |year=[[2004]]
 |isbn=0198507631
 |page=1188
 }}.</ref> 
et "maximus mathematicus post [[antiquitas|antiquitatem]]" aliquando appellatur, atque inter [[computator]]es numeratur. Gauss [[unus]] e potentissimis mathematicis in [[historia]], cum [[Archimedes|Archimede]], [[Isaacus Newtonus|Newtono]], [[Leonhardus Eulerus|Eulero]], aestimatur.<ref>''Scientific Monthly'' 24: 402–414.</ref> Dixit Gauss "Mathematica regina scientiarum est et [[theoria numerorum]] regina mathematicae est."<ref>Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen (1856, retractatus 1965), [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_h_Q5AAAAcAAJ/page/n4/mode/1up ''Gauss zum Gedächtniss''] S. Hirzel, Lipsiae 1856, p. 79.</ref> 

== Vita ==
[[Fasciculus:Statue-of-Gauss-in-Braunschweig.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Signum Gaussianum [[Brunsvicum|Brunsvici]] in loco natali positum.]]
[[Fasciculus:Carl Friedrich Gauss on his Deathbed, 1855.jpg|thumb|Gauss in lecto mortuus iacet. [[Daguerreotypus]], [[1855]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Göttingen-Grave.of.Gauß.06.jpg|thumb|[[Sepulcrum]], [[Sepulcretum Albani]] in urbe [[Goettinga]]e [[Germania]]e.]]
[[Fasciculus:GaussSiegel1777-1855.png|thumb|Sigillum Gaussium cum sententiola: ''Pauca sed Matura.'']]
[[Fasciculus:Carl Friedrich Gauß, Mitgliedsdiplom der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Petersburg.jpg|thumb|Diploma membri correspondentis [[Academia Scientiarum Russica|Academiae Scientiarum Russicae]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Carl Friedrich Gauß, Mitgliedsdiplom der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Prag.jpg|thumb|Diploma facultatis philosophiae [[Universitas Carolina Pragensis|Universitatis Carolinae Pragensis (1848)]].]]

=== Anni primi (1777–1798) ===
Carolus Fridericus Gauss [[Brunsvicum|Brunsvici]] in [[Ducatus Brunsvici-Wolfenbüttel|Ducatu Brunsvici-Wolfenbüttel]], nunc parte [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Germania]]e, die [[30 Aprilis]] anno [[1777]] natus est, [[filius]] parentium pauperum classis laborantium.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.math.wichita.edu/history/men/gauss.html|title=Carl Friedrich Gauss|publisher=Wichita State University}}.</ref> [[Mater]] quidem [[alphabetismus|legere et scribere]] non potuit, et [[dies|diem]] eius ortus numquam in tabulas rettulit.

Gauss, [[prodigium puerile|puer portentosus]] aestimatus, iam [[adolescentia|adolescens]] ingenium suum proferebat.

Anno [[1799]], [[thesis doctoralis|thesem doctroralem]] ''Demonstratio nova theorematis omniem functionem algebraicam rationalem integram unius variabilis in factores reales primi vel secundi gradus resolvi posse'' de [[theorema fundamentale algebrae|theoremate fundamentali algebrae]] publicavit.

Suum [[magnum opus]] mathematicae ''[[Disquisitiones Arithmeticae]],'' anno [[1801]] editum, magnum opus astronomiae ''Theoria motus corporum coelestium in sectionibus conicis solem ambientium'', anno 1809 editum, universe habentur .

Etiam formulam cognovit qua [[dies]] [[Pascha (festum Christianum)|paschales]] in [[calendarium|calendario]] determinari possunt.

=== Mors ===
Gauss senex [[insufficientia cordis]] et [[insomnia]] laboravit. Die [[23 Februarii]] [[1855]] in sedi sua mortuus est.

== Narratio ==
Cum magister discipulis imperavit summam facere omnium [[numerus|numerorum]] ab [[unus|uno]] usque ad [[centum]], puer statim respondit 5050 (et magistrum, qui sibi pausam speravisset, frustravit). Nam Gauss intellexit 100 plus 1 101 facere, 99 + 2 item, 98 + 3 item, et cetera, ita sequuntur usque ad 50 plus 51 = 101. Ergo quingagies 101 summa rogata esse debet quae 5050 est.<ref>Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen (1856, retractatus 1965), [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_h_Q5AAAAcAAJ/page/n4/mode/1up ''Gauss zum Gedächtniss''] S. Hirzel, Lipsiae 1856, p. 12–13.</ref>

== Commemorationes ==
Post mortem suam, [[Georgius V (rex Hannoverae)|Georgius V]] {{Creanda|en|Kingdom of Hanover|Regnum Hannoverae|Rex Hannoverae}} pro commemorationi Caroli Friderici Gauss medaliam{{dubsig}} ferire{{dubsig}} iussit cum [[inscriptio]]nibus GEORGIVS V REX HANNOVERAE MATHEMATICORVM PRINCIPI et ACADEMIAE SVAE GEORGIAE AVGVSTAE DECORI AETERNO.

Inter res ex Gauss appellatas sunt:
* ''[[Degaussing]]'' ([[Anglice]]), ratio campi magnetici amoti<!--
* The [[Centimetre gram second system of units|CGS]] [[units of measurement|unit]] for [[magnetic field]] was named [[Gauss (unit)|gauss]] in his honour-->
* [[Gauss (crater)|Gauss]], [[crater diruptionis]] in [[Luna]]<ref>L. E. Andersson et E. A Whitaker, ''NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature,'' NASA RP-1097 (1982).</ref>
* [[1001 Gaussia]], [[asteroides]]
* ''[[Gauss (navis)|Gauss]]'', [[navis]] in [[expeditio Gaussiana]] ad [[Antarctica]]m adhibita
* [[Gaussberg]] ([[Germanice]], 'Mons Gauss'), [[mons ignifer]] [[exstinctio|exstinctus]], ab expeditione supra dicta inventus
* [[Schola Gaussiana]], [[gymnasium]]
* [[Turris Gauss]], turris observatoria [[Dransfeld]] in urbe [[Germania]]e<!--
* In Canadian junior high schools, an annual national mathematics competition (Gauss Mathematics Competition) administered by the [[Centre for Education in Mathematics and Computing]] is named in honour of Gauss,
* In [[Crown College, University of California, Santa Cruz|University of California, Santa Cruz, in Crown College]], a dormitory building is named after him,-->
* Gauss Haus ([[Germanice]], 'Domus Gaussiana')<!-- an [[Nuclear magnetic resonance|NMR]] center --> in [[Universitas Utae|Universitate Utae]]<!--
* The Carl-Friedrich-Gauß School for Mathematics, Computer Science, Business Administration, Economics, and Social Sciences of [[TU Braunschweig|University of Braunschweig]]-->
* The Gauss Building ([[Anglice]], 'Aedificium Gaussianum'), in [[Universitas Idahi|Universitate Idahi]] (Collegium Ingeniariae)

== Notae ==
<references/>

=== Opera ===
* 1799: {{Cite book
  | title = Demonstratio nova theorematis omnem functionem algebraicam rationalem integram unius variabilis in factores reales primi vel secundi gradus resolvi posse 
  | year = 1866
 | trans-title = New proof of the theorem that every integral algebraic function of one variable can be resolved into real factors of the first or second degree
  | publisher = C. G. Fleckeisen
  | location = Helmstadii
  | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=guYGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA3
 }} [https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/handle/18452/732 Librum originale] ([[Thesis doctoralis]])
* 1816: {{cite journal | title = Demonstratio nova altera theorematis omnem functionem algebraicam rationalem integram unius variabilis in factores reales primi vel secundi gradus resolvi posse | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 3 | pages = 107–134 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0003_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B268%2C269%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D}} 
* 1816: {{cite journal | title = Theorematis de resolubitate functionum algebraicarum integrarum in factores reales demonstratio tertia | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 3 | pages = 135–142 | url =https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0003_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B296%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D}} 
* 1801:  {{Cite book
  | title = Disquisitiones Arithmeticae 
  | publisher = Gerh. Fleischer jun.
  | location = Lipsiae
  | url=https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN235993352?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B5%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
  }}
* 1808: {{cite journal | title = Theorematis arithmetici demonstratio nova | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis. Comm. Math. | volume = 16  | pages = 69–74 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0016_1NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B498%2C499%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D}} 
* 1809: {{Cite book
  | title = Theoria motus corporum coelestium in sectionibus conicis solem ambientium |language=la
  | publisher = Friedrich Perthes & Johann Heinrich Besser
  | location = Hamburgii
  | url = https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=12217180
}} 
* 1811: {{cite journal | title = Disquisitio de elementis ellipticis Palladis ex oppositionibus annorum 1803, 1804,1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809 | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Math. | volume = 1 | pages = 1–26 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0001_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B170%2C171%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D}} 
* 1811: {{cite journal | title = Summatio quarundam serierum singularium | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 1 | pages = 1–40 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0001_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B194%2C195%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D}} 
* 1812: {{cite journal | title = Disquisitiones generales circa seriem infinitam <math>1+\frac{\alpha\beta}{\gamma.1}+\mbox{etc.}</math> | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 2 | pages = 1–42 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0002_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B227%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.559%2C%22y%22%3A0.496%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.456%7D}} 
* 1815: {{cite journal | title = Methodus nova integralium valores per approximationem inveniendi | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 3 | pages = 39–76 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0003_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B200%2C201%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D}}
* 1818: {{cite journal | title = Theorematis fundamentalis in doctrina de residuis quadraticis demonstrationes et ampliationes novae | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 4 | pages = 3–20 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0004_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B262%2C263%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D}}
* 1821: {{cite journal | title = Theoria combinationis observationum erroribus minimis obnoxiae. Pars Prior | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 5 | pages = 33–62 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0005_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B276%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D}} 
* 1823: {{cite journal | title = Theoria combinationis observationum erroribus minimis obnoxiae. Pars Posterior | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 5 | pages = 63–90 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0005_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B306%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.413%2C%22y%22%3A0.66%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.413%7D}} 
* 1828: {{cite journal | title = Supplementum theoriae combinationis observationum erroribus minimis obnoxiae | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 6 | pages = 57–98 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0006_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B271%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D}} 
* 1827: {{cite journal | title = Disquisitiones generales circa superficies curvas | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 6 | pages = 99–146 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0006_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B312%2C313%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D}}
* 1828: {{cite journal | title = Theoria residuorum biquadraticorum, Commentatio prima | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 6 | pages = 27–56 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0006_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B241%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D}}
* 1832: {{cite journal | title = Theoria residuorum biquadraticorum, Commentatio secunda | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 7 | pages = 89–148 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0007_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B273%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D}} 
* 1845: {{cite journal | title = Untersuchungen über Gegenstände der Höheren Geodäsie. Erste Abhandlung | journal = Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Göttingen | volume = Volumen secundum | pages = 3–46 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN250442582_0002}}
* 1847: {{cite journal | title = Untersuchungen über Gegenstände der Höheren Geodäsie. Zweite Abhandlung | journal = Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Göttingen | volume = Volumen tertium | pages = 3–44 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN250442582_0003}}
* 2005: {{cite book | title= Mathematisches Tagebuch 1796–1814 [Diarium mathematicum]| trans-title= [[Gauss's diary|Mathematical diary]] | series = Ostwalds Klassiker der exakten Wissenschaften, Volume 256 | location= Francofurtii ad Moenum | year = 2005 | edition = 5 |publisher= Harri Deutsch |isbn= 978-3-8171-3402-1}} (collectio notarum in lingua Latina)


<gallery>
Fasciculus:Disqvisitiones-800.jpg|''Disquisitiones arithmeticae (1801)
Fasciculus:Gauss-12.jpg|''Theorematis Arithmetici Demonstratio Nova'' (1808)
Fasciculus:Gauss-5.jpg|''Theoria Motus Corporum Coelestium in sectionibus conicis solem ambientium'' (1809)
Fasciculus:Gauss-2.jpg|''Intensitas vis Magneticae Terrestris ad Mensuram Absolutam Revocata'' (1840)
</gallery>

== Bibliographia==
*Biermann, Kurt-R., ed. [[1990]]. ''Gauß in Gesprächen und Briefen.'' Urania Verlag und Beck Verlag.
*Bühler, Walter Kaufmann. [[1987]]. ''Gauß: eine biographische Studie.'' Springer-Verlag.
* {{cite book |last=Dunnington|first=G. Waldo.|title=Carl Friedrich Gauss: Titan of Science
 |publisher=The Mathematical Association of America|year=[[2004]]|isbn=0-88385-547-X |oclc=53933110}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Hall
 |first=Tord
 |title=Carl Friedrich Gauss: A Biography
 |location=Cantabrigiae Massachusettae
 |publisher=[[MIT Press]]
 |year=[[1970]]
 |isbn=0-262-08040-0
 |oclc=185662235}}
* {{cite book
 |last= Sartorius von Waltershausen
 |first=Wolfgang
 |authorlink=Wolfgangus Sartorius von Waltershausen
 |title=''[https://archive.org/details/gauss00waltgoog/page/n5/mode/2up Gauss: A Memorial]''
 |publisher=
 |location=
 |isbn=
 |year=[[1966]]
 }}
* {{cite book
 |last=Simmons
 |first=J.
 |title=The Giant Book of Scientists: The 100 Greatest Minds of All Time
 |publisher=The Book Company
 |location=Sydney
 |isbn=
 |year=[[1996]]
 }}
* {{cite book
 |last=Tent
 |first=Margaret
 |title=The Prince of Mathematics: Carl Friedrich Gauss
 |publisher=A K Peters
 |location=
 |isbn= 1-56881-455-0
 |year=[[2006]]
 }}

=== Fabula ===
* {{cite book
 |last=Kehlmann
 |first=Daniel
 |title=Die Vermessung der Welt
 |publisher=Rowohlt
 |year=[[2005]]
 |isbn=3-498-03528-2
 |oclc=144590801}}

==Nexus interni==
*[[Schola Gauss Gymnasium apud Vallum Leoninum]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{vicifons|Scriptor:Carolus Fridericus Gauss|Carolum Fridericum Gauss}}
* [http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Biographies/GaussBio.htm Biographia] apud www.corrosion-doctors.org{{Ling|Anglice}}
* [http://fermatslasttheorem.blogspot.com/2005/06/carl-friedrich-gauss.html Biographia] apud fermatslasttheorem.blogspot.com
* [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost19/Gauss/gau_intr.html Chronologia] apud www.fh-augsburg.de {{Ling|Latine}}
* [http://www.gausschildren.org Gauss et sui liberi] apud www.gausschildren.org
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=yh0PAAAAIAAJ "English translation of Waltershausen's 1862 biography,"] apud books.google.com
* [http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/gauss.html "Gauss: mathematician of the millennium,"] a [[Jürgen Schmidhuber]], apud www.idsia.ch
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111213071452/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money1.htm Imago Gaussiana in "10 Deutsche Mark banknote,"] apud www-personal.umich.edu
* [http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/MNRAS/0016//0000080.000.html Laudatio] apud adsabs.harvard.edu (MNRAS 16(1856):80)
* [[q:Carl Friedrich Gauss|Carl Friedrich Gauss]] apud [[Wikiquote]]
* [http://www-gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/cgi-bin/digbib.cgi?PPN235957348 Opera omnia] apud www-gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00ss0lf "Carl Friedrich Gauss"] in serie ''A Brief History of Mathematics,'' apud www.bbc.co.uk (BBC 4) <!--
{{sisterlinks|commons=Johann Carl Friedrich Gauß|s=Author:Carl Friedrich Gauss}}
*{{MathGenealogy|id=18231}}
*{{planetmath reference |id=5594 |title=Carl Friedrich Gauss}}
*{{worldcat id|lccn-n79-38533}}
*{{MacTutor Biography|id=Gauss}} -->


{{Lifetime|1777|1855|Gauss, Carolus Fridericus}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Academiae Helmstadiensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Goettingensis]]
[[Categoria:Astronomi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Deistae]]
[[Categoria:Lutherani]]
[[Categoria:Mathematici Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Physici Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Goettingensis]]
[[Categoria:Res statisticae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Homines}}